The rechargeable capacity of 4 V LixMn2O4 spinel cathodes (0 < x <= 1) has been improved by modifying the composition of the spinel electrode. Stable rechargeable capacities in excess of 100 mAh/g in flooded-electrolyte lithium cells can be achieved if LiMn2O4 is doped with mono- or multivalent cations (e.g. Li+, Mg2+, Zn2+) or, alternatively, with additional oxygen to increase the average manganese-ion oxidation state marginally above 3.5.
Reference:
Gummow, RJ, De kock, A and Thackeray, MM. 1994. Improved capacity retention in rechargeable 4 V lithium/lithium manganese oxide (spinel) cells. Solid State Ionics, vol 69(1), pp 59-67
Gummow, R., De Kock, A., & Thackeray, M. (1994). Improved capacity retention in rechargeable 4 V lithium/lithium manganese oxide (spinel) cells. http://hdl.handle.net/10204/1662
Gummow, RJ, A De Kock, and MM Thackeray "Improved capacity retention in rechargeable 4 V lithium/lithium manganese oxide (spinel) cells." (1994) http://hdl.handle.net/10204/1662
Gummow R, De Kock A, Thackeray M. Improved capacity retention in rechargeable 4 V lithium/lithium manganese oxide (spinel) cells. 1994; http://hdl.handle.net/10204/1662.
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